Invasion patterns and niche comparison of the butterfly Cacyreus marshalli among native and non-native range

Abstract Alien species introduction is a global phenomenon involving different invasion patterns and characterized by niche conservatism or shift. We describe the spatial distribution of Cacyreus marshalli Butler, [1898] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in its native (southern Africa) invaded (Europe) ranges. C. only alien butterfly Europe, introduced trade ornamental Pelargonium plants, might threaten lycaenids because chance naturalization on indigenous Geranium spp. In widespread Mediterranean basin, but absent northern countries. investigate their temporal dynamics Italy, most extensively country, identifying three phases rates spread resulting from multiple introductions human-mediated movements. also characterize compare invasive ecological niches with multivariate approach based bioclimatic, human demographic variables. The little overlap between (12.6%) indicates shift realized . While expansion potential Europe remains constrained suitable host our comparison analysis suggests has already new climatic spaces. This includes colder areas than would be suggested Africa.